Potential Of Renewable Energy Sources In Pakistan Environmental Sciences Essay

Potential Of Renewable elan vital mentions In Pakistan environmental Sciences Essay heftiness is an essential ingredient of socio stinting development and growth. Pakistan, despite of enormous voltage of indigenous animation resources, is dependent on external resources for meeting their skill demand. Moreover, Pakistan is among those exploitation countries with low animation consumption. Only 55% and 20% Pakistans universe has access to electricity and lifelike gas respectively. About 68% Population is living in campestral argonas and just active of them have no access to electricity. At present, the people ar veneering severe electricity tear shedding problems due to shortf tot all toldy of office supply. The country is facing huge economic losses due to the dynamism crises from the previous two years. Oil (30%) and gas (48.5%) are the major sort of the current might supply. The current inunct reservoirs of the country are very low, which fulfill 15% of the oil colour demand while remaining 85% oil is imported from outside homo. The indigenous retrievable reservoirs of oil and gas will exhaust in 13 and 21 years respectively. Pakistan has wide spectrum of broad(prenominal) potential renewable zip sources, conventional and as well non-conventional, which have non been adequately explored, exploited and developed. The development of the renewable muscularity sources dismiss play an grand role to achieve stable susceptibility supply. This paper discussed potential of different renewable energy resources, which are technically viable in Pakistan. The country passel be benefited by harnessing these options of energy extension as substitute energy in theatre of operationss where sources exist and consequently contributing in poverty alleviation and cleanable environment in PakistanKey Words Pakistan, renewable energy, hydropower, wind energy, solar energy, biogas, ge othermal, emergyINTRODUCTIONEnergy is an essential ingredient of socio-economic development and economic growth. Without sufficient energy in useable and at affordable prices, there is a little prospects of developments of improving the economy of a country and the living conditions of people.It is well known occurrence that technological and industrial advancement is heavily dependent on the readily available energy especially in the form of fogy fuel. The larger affinity of the today energy supplies is still made of fossil fuels. The world is running on 60 % non renewable (Odum and Odum, 2001). It is estimated that global energy demand will be increase by two thirds in 2001-2030 (IEA, 2002a). The reservoirs of fossil fuel are not unlimited and at the present rate of consumption they will not last very long. The world community today uses up in bingle minute what it took the earth a millennium to create. The oil reservoirs are change magnitude and it is predicted that fossil fuels advise only meet the worlds energy demand just for tri o decennarys more (IEA, 2002a). Moreover, it has been conclusively proved that climate change, which has been importing in global warming, is generally ca utilise by greenhouse gas emissions from energy generating systems based on fossil fuels. Yet another aspect that has come into sharp focus is that the developing countries can ill afford to depend excessively upon petroleum imports marked by volatile price fluctuationsSince the inception of Pakistan, the primary power supplies from the conventional energy sources were (and are still today) not enough to meet the countrys energy demand. Pakistan, despite the enormous potential of its indigenous energy, remains energy deficient and has to rely heavily on the imports of the petroleum products to satisfy its present day need. Efforts have been made to exploit the existing conventional energy resources to build a strong indigenous geographic expedition and production base. In spite of all these efforts, Pakistan is not able to fu lly exploit its indigenous energy resources due to signifier of reasons. Although, the thermal power generating potentiality has change magnitude rapidly during the last few years due to foreign investment, but at same time, it has caused increased air pollution and CHG emission with the result of degradation of health and ecosystem (Ziagham Nayyer, 2005).After the 1970s oil crises, the issues of security of energy supplies and sustainable use of energy sources have become very important policy issues. From then, there has been an increasing interest all over the world for alternate(a) of conventional energy sources to ensure eco friendly sustainable development on the one hand and energy security on the other. This paper describe the potential of renewable energy sources in PakistanWHY renewable ENERGY?After the oil crises of the 1970s, all the developed and non oil producing countries were faced with immense oil supply problems. There developed a wide spread economic reces sion all over the world due to the high oil prices. Moreover, with in rising green movement, the environmental problem became dominant in policy agendaThe fossil fuel still continues to dominate the world energy supply. The fossil fuel consumption is more than the earth contentedness to vex it. As a result, oil reservoir are draining out very fast and it is predicted that the remaining fossil fuels can only meet the worlds energy demand just three decades more (IEA, 2002a). Moreover, the environmental damage that is created by fossil fuels is in like manner another crucial danger in the proximo. Along with environmental problems, climate change besides created economic and social losses. If the current pace continues, the weather and climate losses will reach almost $ 150 accountingion by next decade (IEA, 2002a). Because of these reasons, Renewable energy has gained importune in the energy policy agendaTwo important global environment initiatives have too stimulated greater interest in renewable in the world. The first was the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. Renewables featured in both Agenda 21 and the Climate Change Convention (United Nations, 1992). Because of the important role of fossil fuels in the build-up of greenhouse gases in the atmospheric state (it is estimated that the energy domain accounts for about half the global emissions of green-house gases) and concomitant climate change concerns, renewable are perceived to constitute an important option for mitigating and abating the emissions of greenhouse gases (Socolow, 1992).Renewable also featured high on the agenda of the Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) in 2002. One of the targets proposed at WSSD was for every country to kick in itself to meeting 10% of its national energy supply from renewable. Although the 10% target was not agreed to at the summit, there was general consensus that cou ntries should commit themselves to promotion of renewable (WEHAB Working Group, 2002).The main advantage of renewable sources is that they are plunge in every part of the world depending on geographical and geological situations. In other words, they are indigenous energy sources. The countries does not need to import them, which means they can relieve the dependency problem on one hand and can save precious foreign exchange reserves on the other. Renewable energy has also economic and social benefits such as jobs creation. In 2002, more than 14 one thousand millions jobs have created world wide in RE activities (IEA, 2002a). According to U.S. Department of energy, only in 2002, 25,000 new jobs were created in photovoltaic (PV) industry (Aitken, 2004).RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES IN PAKISTANPakistan has wide spectrum of high potential of renewable energy sources, conventional and non-conventional as well, which have not been adequately explored, exploited or developed. As a result, the primary energy supplies today are not enough to meet even the present demand. Moreover, a very large part of the uncouth areas does not have the electrification facilities because they are either too outside(a) and/or too expensive to connect to the national grid. So, Pakistan, like other developing countries of the region, is facing a serious challenge of energy deficit. Only 55% and 20% of Pakistans population has access to electricity and natural gas respectively. Moreover, about 80% countrys population lives in rural areas and most of them have no access of to electricity. In Pakistan, per capita primary energy supply is only 0.33 million tons oil combining weight (MTOE) while per capita electricity supply is about 520 kWh compared to Worlds average 2,500 kWh At present people are facing severe alloy shedding (about 10 hours a day) due to shortage of 3 GW power supply. Pakistan has very low indigenous fossil fuel resource base and with present rate of production, the ind igenous recoverable reserves of oil and gas will exhausted in 14 and 21 respectively. Though there is enormous coal reservoir (185 billion tons) in the country but has not utilized so far due to variety of reasons. The prospect of nuclear energy is bright in Pakistan but high cost, technology barriers and international embargoes are the big hurdles in its course. This shows that conventional non renewable resources are grossly inadequate for meeting the future energy ask of the country. Therefore, development of the renewable energy sources can play an important role in meeting this challenge (Harijan et al., 2008).Pakistan stretches from 24N to 37N latitudes and from 61E to 76E longitudes. The total land area of Pakistan is about 800,000 km. The landscape varies from lofty Karakoram and Himalaya mountains, with the K-2 peak (second highest in the world 8,613 meters) to the famous surrender of Thar and includes fertile plains of the river Indus and its tributaries. The offshore co vers over 231,674 km in the Arabian Sea. In Pakistan, cropped and forest lands cover an area of about 23 million hectares and 4 million hectares respectively (AEDB website www.aedb.org)There are quite a number of renewable energy sources, but the resources that are technologically viable and have bright prospects to be exploited commercially in Pakistan include, solar (PV, thermal), Water (mega local macro-micro-hydel) Wind. abandons (City solid waste, animal waste) geothermal. Pakistan can get benefit and use these as substitute energy in areas where sources exist.Water Energy PotentialHydropower is one of the oldest forms of energy mankind has used on a mass scale. Mechanical use of hydropower began thousands of years agone by the Egyptians and Greeks for irrigation and milling of grain. Its use for production of electricity dates back to the 19th century in 1882 electricity was produced for the first time by the use of hydropower (Asif, 2008). It is the most versatile source o f energy being used in the world. It is renewable, abundant, environmentally friendly and technically mature. It is also regarded as the most economical form of energy. Hydropower is regarded as one of the most important sources of energy Pakistan can count on. Despite the presence of a strong base forTable-1 Proposed sites and their discharge, fall and power potentialSName of ChannelLocationDischarge in fee/secondFall in FeetPower Potential in MW1Baloki-Sulamanki Link-1RD1062501250010.6410.002Baloki-Sulamanki Link-2RD33430900017.8610.723Chanab-Jhelum Link (Tail)RD3166221352741.7040.004Upper ChanabRD0165008.839.705TP Link Canal (DG Khan)RD183000120003.0012.28(Source Hassan, 2002)this form of energy, not enough has been done to tap the precious resource. The hydro potential was estimated at about 50,000 MW out of which about 4,800 MW has been developed over the past 50 years through mega-hydel plants and the remaining has yet to be exploited (Kazi, 1999). The northern areas of the co untry are rich with hydropower resources. Hydrological survey also revealed that there is a great potential for 300 MW power generations through construction of micro hydropower plants in northern areas of Pakistan (Hassan, 2002). Besides, there is an immense potential for exploiting water falls in the canal network particularly in Punjab, where low head high discharge exists on galore(postnominal) canals. Irrigation system of Pakistan is one the largest in the world having extensive network of canal of 160,000 km length. The canal system has a huge hydropower potential at numerous sites/locations on these irrigation canals, ranging from 1MW to more than 10MW, which can be utilized for developing small hydro-power stations (Hussan, 2002)Wind EnergyHarnessing wind power to produce electricity on a commercial scale has become the fastest growing energy technology. Economic, political and technological forces are now emerging to make wind power a viable source of energy. Data shows t hat worldwide installed wind power capacity during the period 1996-2008. The total wind power capacity was only 6,100 MW which has increased tremendously and reached to 120791 MW in 2008. Pakistan has a considerable potential of wind energy in the coastal belt of Sindh, Baluchistan and as well as in the lay waste to areas of Punjab and Sindh. This renewable source of energy has however, not so far been utilized significantly. The coastal belt of Pakistan is blessed with a God gifted wind corridor that is 60 km wide (Gharo Kati Bandar) and 180 km long .This corridor has the exploitable potential of 50,000 MW of electricity generation through wind energy (AEDB website www.aedb.org)Fig.1. Worldwide installed wind power capacity 1996-2008 (Source http//www.ewea.org/)Fig. 2. Pakistan Meteorological Departments wind mapping stations Source www.aedb.orgPakistan is a late starter in this field. It is estimated that more than 5000 villages can be electrified through wind energy in Sindh, B alochistan and Northern areas Country first ever commercial 50 MW wind farm has been inaugurated in April 2009 with cooperation of Zorlu Enerji Group of Turkey at Jhimpir, District Thatta, Sindh. Moreover, Projects for generation of 1200MW of electricity from wind are in different stages of development (AEDB website www.aedb.org)Solar EnergyDirect solar energy can broadly be categorise into solar photovoltaic (PV) technologies, which convert the suns energy into electrical energy and solar thermal technologies, which use the suns energy directly for heating, cooking and drying (Karekezi and Ranja, 1997). Solar energy has for a long time been used for drying animal skins and clothes, preserving meat, drying crops and evaporating seawater to extract salt. Substantial research has been done over the years on exploiting the huge solar energy resource. Today, solar energy is utilized at various levels. On a small scale, it is used at the household level for lighting, cooking, water heat ers and solar architecture houses medium scale appliances include water heating in hotels and irrigation. At the community level, solar energy is used for vaccine refrigeration, water pumping, purification and rural electrification. On the industrial scale, solar energy is used for pre-heating boiler water for industrial use and power generation, detoxification, municipal water heating, telecommunications, and, more recently, transportation (solar cars) (Karekezi and Ranja, 1997 Ecosystems, 2002).Solar energy has excellent potential in areas of Pakistan that receive high levels of solar radiation throughout the year. Every day, country receives an average of about 19 Mega Joules per satisfying meter of solar energy (AEDB website www.aedb.org).During last twenty years Pakistan has shown quite encouraging developments in photovoltaic (PV). Currently, solar technology is being used in Pakistan for rural telephone exchanges, repeater stations, highway emergency telephones, cathodic pr otection, refrigeration for vaccine and medicines in the hospitals etc. The Public Health Department has installed many solar water pumps for drinking purposes in different parts of the country. Both the private and public sectors are playing their roles in the Popularization and up grading of photovoltaic activities in the country. A number of companies are not only involved in trading photovoltaic products and appliances but also manufacturing different components of PV systems. They are merchandising PV modules, batteries, regulators, invertors, as well asSource www.aedb.orgFig. 3. Annual average mean daily Solar Radiation in Pakistan KWH/sq.mpractical low power gadgets for load shedding such as photovoltaic lamps, battery chargers, garden lights System (SHS) project in 2005 and basic facilities of lighting, cooking and water disinfection were provided to 11 villages in remote areas of Pakistan. Based on success of this program, the government had approved replication of this pro ject in 400 villages in Baluchistan Sindh (Source www.aedb.orgEnergy from WasteFor more than twenty years, Waste to Energy has been recognized as a clean, reliable, renewable source of energy. In America today 2,500 MW are solely generated by the waste-to-energy plants. Many other countries including Sweden and japan have applied this technology since the last 20 years. In the subcontinent, India installed three projects to produce electricity from waste with a total capacity of 17.6 MW ( Shahid 2009)It is estimated that the urban areas of Pakistan generate over 55,000 tones of solid wastes daily ( Ziagham Nayyer, 2005) Unfortunately in Pakistan this source of energy has not been utilized for power generation in the past. The growing urbanization and changes in the pattern of life has given rise to generation of increasing quantities of wastes and its now becoming another threat to our environment.Energy generation from the Animal WastePakistan is an rural country. About 70% of t he population resides in rural areas who meet 95% of their domestic fuel needs by burning bio-fuelsBiogas is a potential renewable energy source in Pakistan. An estimate indicates that Pakistan has potential of generating 8.58 - 1010 cubic meter of biogas 1287 million tones of cattle dung annually produced. The heat value of this gas amounts to 1.8-112 MJ. In addition, 350 millions tons of manure would also produce with biogas (Illyas, 2006). More than 0.024 millions domestic biogas plans have been installed in Pakistan. These plants are of small size (1-10 m ) capacity and mainly used for cooking and other domestic applications.AEDB has facilitated the Landhi Cattle Colony Biogas project, which upon its completion will be one of the largest wastes to energy projects in the world, generating up to 50 MW of electricity. The pilot material body of 250 kW has been successfully initiated. This project is being implemented by Empower Company of New Zealand and will utilize waste of 400, 000 cattle in the area to produce electricity (Source www.aedb.org)GeothermalGeothermal energy is the energy derived from the heat of the earths core. It is clean, abundant and reliable. If properly developed, it can offer a renewable and sustainable energy source. At an international level, approximately 8,100 MW of geothermal power is generated, out of a global potential of 60,000MW (Marietta, 2002 Bronicki, 2001). Most of the high enthalpy geothermal resources of the world are within seismic belts associated with zones of crustal weakness such as platemargins and centers or volcanic activity. A global seismic belt passes through Pakistan and the country has a long geological history of geotectonic events Permo-carboniferous volcanism (Panjal traps in Kashmir) as a result of rifting of Iran-Afghanistan micropiates, Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous rifting of the Indo-Pakistan Plate, widespread volcanism during Late Cretaceous (Deccan traps) attributed to the style of a hot spot in the region, emergence of a chain of volcanic islands along the margins of the Indo-Pakistan Plate, collision of India and Asia (Cretaceous-Paleocene) and the consequent Himalayan upheaval, and Neogene-Quaternary volcanism in the Chagai District (Kazmi Jan, 1999 Raza Bander, 1995). This Geotectonic simulation indicates that Pakistan should not be lacking in commercially exploitable sources of geothermal energy. Potential geothermal energy sites are identified at Sehwan in Sindh and Koh-e-Sultan in Baluchistan nationFig 4. Geothermal Springs of Pakistan Source www.aedb.orgEmergy, Net energy evaluations and environmental loading of Renewable Energy SourcesThere is a great potential of renewable energy sources in Pakistan. However, there are some key questions to be address before exploiting these resources.What will be the net energy and emergy from these energy systems?What will be new environmental load they create?Are these energy systems sustainable or not?Explaining these qu estions is beyond the scope of this paper but I will present a general view of above mentioned concepts.Net Energy AnalysisNet energy refers to the ratio of the amount of energy produced to the amount of energy expended to produce it Net energy determines the usefulness of energy system to society. The usefulness of an energy system is determined by a complex combination of physical, technical, economic and social attributes. This includes energy density, power density, emissions, cost and efficiency of conversion, financial risk amenability to storage, risk to human health, and ease of transport. These attributes combine to determine energy quality. Energy returns for investment (EROI) is an important tool uses for net energy analysis. EROI is used to compare the amount of energy delivered to society by a technology to the total energy required to find, extract, process, deliver, and otherwise upgrade that energy to a socially useful form. Hydropower has the highest EROI among the renewable energy resources. Wind energy system has very favorable EROI in the right condition while solar thermal have low EROI compared to hydropower. They key issue is the size of the surplus that can realistically be delivered by renewable energy system (Cleveland, C.J. 2008)Source (Odum, H.T. 1998)Fig. 4 Energy transformation, storage, and feedback reinforcement found in units self organized for maximum performanceEmergy SynthesisEmergy refers to visible(prenominal) energy of one kind previously required directly and indirectly to make a product or service (Odum, H.T. 1998). Emergy synthesis serves as an alternative method to evaluate the energy flows of a system. It provides a way to account for differences in energy quality, for environmental services provided to a system, as well as a means to measure a systems level of Emergy sustainability. To derive the solar emergy of a resource or commodity, it is necessary to trace back through all the resource and energy flows that ar e used to produce it and express these input flows in the amount of solar energy that went into their production. This has been done for a wide variety of resources and commodities as well as for the renewable energies driving the biogeochemical process of the earth (Brown, M.T. and Ulgiate, S. 2002)Emergy and energy story require systems diagrams to organize evaluations and account for all inputs to, and outflows from, processes. The structures and storages that operate our world of humanity and environment are sustained against the depreciation of the second law by productive inputs for replacement and maintenance. Maximizing the products and services for growth and support appears to be a design principle of self organization as given by Alfred Lotka as the maximum power principle. Pathways in Figure 4 dilate the flows and conservation of energy. The storage is represented with a tank symbol. The heat sink symbol represents the dispersal of available energy from processes and s torages according to the second law. The feedback from right to go forth interacts as a multiplier increasing energy intake. This autocatalytic loop is one of the designs that prevail because they reinforce power intake and efficient use (Odum, H.T. 1998)Source (Brown, M.T. and Ulgiate, S. 2002)Fig 5 Aggregated energy systems diagram of an electric power plant, with main inputs and outputs shown and used to calculate performanceemergy based indicators. Legends R1=renewable inputs directly fall on the plant site (sun, wind, rain) R2=renewable inputs supplied by the local ecosystem and used by the plant in the production of electricity (cooling water and air, oxygen for combustion) R=locally renewable input to the process=max(R1 R2) as these inputs are driven by the same (solar) source N=nonrenewable inputs (such as coal, oil, nd natural gas or groundwater that is used faster than it is recharged) F=goods and services from the economy (F) that are used to construct, operate, and mai ntain the power plant (construction materials, machinery, general supplies, human services, etc.) Y=Output of a process. Here, the electricity yielded by the plant. By definition, the output is assigned an emergy Y=R+N+F =chemicals released by the power plant to the atmosphere (from combustion) H = Heat released by the power plant to the atmosphere and the cooling waterBrown, M.T. and Ulgiate, S. (2002) evaluated six electricity production systems by using energy and emergy accounting system, in order to rank their relative thermodynamics and environmental efficiencies. They explored out/input energy ratio, emergy yield ratio (EYR) and environmental load ratio (ELR). Generation of carbon dioxidehas also been accounted for in order to compare renewable and nonrenewable energy sourcesEmergy yield ratio, EYR=Y/F=(F+R+N)/FEnvironmental loading ratio, ELR= (F+N)/REmergy index of sustainability, IS = EYR/ELRThe emergy yield ratio (EYR) provides insight into the net benefit of the various production processes to society. In fact, the higher the fraction of locally available energy sources (R+N) that are exploited by means of the investmentFfrom outside, the higher the value of this indicator. Environmental loading ratio expresses the use of environmental service by the system. Environmental service is measured as the emergy of that portionRof the environment that is used. When EYR is high due to a high value of local renewable resources, then ELR is small, olibanum indicating a small environmental stress. On the contrary, when a high value of local nonrenewable sources contributes to EYR, then ELR increases, thus suggesting a larger environmental stress. Therefore, a simultaneous increase of both EYR and ELR, indicates that a larger stress is being placed on the environment on the contrary, when EYR increases and ELR decreases, the process is less of a load on the surrounding environment.Brown, M.T. and Ulgiate, S. (2002) concluded that wind generation and hydroele ctric power plants have the highest EYR, while the oil fired power plant was the lowest. They also found that electricity generated using wind, geothermal, and hydro power plants had the lowest environmental impact, while fossil fired plants the highest. Further more they also found that the wind and hydroelectric plants had the highest-over-all add up (economic and ecological) sustainability, followed by geothermal electricity.CONCLUSIONPakistan is facing severe energy crises. It is projected that energy demand-indigenous supply gap is increases from 27% in 2005 to 57% in 2030. It is intend that demand indigenous supply gape would be bridge by imported oil and gas. Consequently, import of energy would increase the energy import bill as well as energy security issues. The consumption of fuel will also degrade the environment. Renewable resources in the form of hydropower, wind. Solar PV, Biogas, geothermal etc. are suitable renewable technologies for Pakistan There is substantial potential of these Renewable Energy resources and should be developed for managing the current energy crises and meeting the future energy demand for Pakistan. However there is need of a thorough analysis of net energy and emergy gains from using renewable energy sources. There is also need of investigating the new environmental these alternative sources will create. They key issue is the size of the surplus that can realistically be delivered by renewable energy system